Source: cleanenergynews.ihsmarkit.com
India intends to quintuple the size of a subsidy scheme for domestic solar photovoltaic (PV) module makers, pushing forward with the country's Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-reliant India) strategy for decarbonizing its economy.
To help counter climate change, the world's third largest GHG emitter is aiming to have 500 GW of renewable energy capacity installed by 2030—including at least 280 GW of solar—before reaching sifar pelepasan-bersih by 2070.
"This decarbonization strategy opens up huge employment opportunities and will take the country on a sustainable development path," Indian Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman told the country's parliament in ucapan belanjawan tahunan 1 February.
Dalam bajet untuk April 2022 hingga Mac 2023, New Delhi akan memperuntukkan tambahan Rs 19,500 crore (2.61 bilion) kepada program Insentif Berkaitan Pengeluaran (PLI) untuk mempromosikan pembuatan modul PV domestik, kata Sitharaman.
PLI, yang bermula dengan Rs 4,500 crore (600 juta) dalam belanjawan tahunan yang lalu, menawarkan subsidi kepada kilang modul terpilih berdasarkan jualan, kualiti produk dan kandungan tempatan mereka.
IHS Markit estimates 80 percent -90 percent of India's solar components are imported, with China the main supplier. Government figures show India currently has annual production capacity of just 2.5 GW for PV cells and 9-10 GW for modules.
But the initial PLI budget will help drive the expansion of India-based manufacturers, according to the National Investment Promotion Facilitation Agency (NIPFA), and India's capacity of integrated module plants that can convert wafer-ingots to modules is expected to mencapai 10 GW by the end of March 2023.
The government agency expects India's annual module manufacturing capacity to expand by 30-35 GW between 2021 and 2025, in part driven by strong demand and policy incentives.
New Delhi is hoping to generate employment opportunities and attract foreign investment as a result of expanding the PV manufacturing sector, said Amit Manohar, pakar pelaburan di NIPFA.
"After a decade of innovation and cost reductions, the solar energy sector has evolved to a major source of energy, and it could potentially serve 30 percent or more of India's electricity demand by 2030," Manohar said.
Strategi Atmanirbhar Bharat
Since 2020, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi has been promoting the Atmanirbhar Bharat strategy in several sectors—including renewables—to boost domestic manufacturing capacity in a post-COVID recovery.
Dalam belanjawan untuk April 2021 hingga Mac 2022, New Delhi menyuntik Rs 1,000 crore (133 juta) ke dalam Solar Energy Corporation of India dan Rs 1,500 crore (200 juta) ke dalam Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency. Entiti tersebut bertanggungjawab untuk menjalankan pelbagai program insentif-yang ditaja oleh kerajaan pusat.
Sejak April 2021, hanya syarikat dalam senarai pembuat modul-semua India yang diluluskan telah dibenarkan membida tender solar yang ditaja oleh kerajaan pusat.
Selain itu, kerajaan bercadang untuk mengenakan 40 peratus duti kastam asas ke atas modul solar yang diimport dan 25 peratus ke atas sel mulai April ini.
Kashish Shah, an analyst at the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis, suggested the policy initiatives' effects are likely to be compounded by isu rantaian bekalan in the global PV industry. "Module manufacturing in India has never been more viable," Shah berkata last December.
Dengan isyarat dasar yang kukuh, beberapa perniagaan utama India telah mengumumkan program pelaburan boleh diperbaharui yang besar yang memberi tumpuan yang kuat pada tenaga suria.
Setelah menetapkan sasaran untuk membina kapasiti solar 100 GW menjelang 2030, Reliance Industries tahun lepas berkata ia akan melancarkan loji panel PV bersepadu di Jamnagar selepas memperoleh Kumpulan REC dengan harga 771 juta. Loji itu dijangka mempunyai kapasiti awal 4 GW setahun sebelum akhirnya meningkat sehingga 10 GW.
In January, Reliance, India's largest publicly traded company by market capitalization, announced inisiatif pelaburan boleh diperbaharui totaling Rs 595,500 crore (80 billion), and a substantial proportion of the money will be used to develop manufacturing facilities for PV modules, electrolyzers, batteries, fuel cells, as well as hydrogen and low-carbon energy projects in Gujarat over the next 10-15 years.
Rival conglomerate Kumpulan Adani plans to invest 50 billion to 70 billion in decarbonization projects in the next decade, including 20 billion in renewable energy generation. It aims to have a solar manufacturing capacity of 2 GW per annum by the end of March 2023.
While the government's policies are prompting more investment in domestic manufacturing, IHS Markit Renewable Analyst Ankita Chauhan warned of short-term disruptions to solar installations in the country.
"Current domestic manufacturing is not sufficient to meet the domestic demand, and it may take another three to five years to build it up," said Chauhan, adding that the policies favoring Indian manufacturers will push up overall costs, and restrict vendor choices for procurement and project timelines.
Tunjukkan saya wang itu
Dalam bajet tahunan terkini, kerajaan India juga berkata ia akan menambah baik kitar semula, menggalakkan agroforestry, menerima pakai dasar pertukaran bateri untuk kenderaan elektrik di mana-mana rangkaian pengecasan tidak berdaya maju, dan menggantikan 5 peratus -7 peratus arang batu yang digunakan dalam loji janakuasa haba dengan pelet biojisim, antara langkah penyahkarbonan lain.
Sitharaman said India will issue sovereign green bonds in the coming fiscal year to fund "green infrastructure" in the public sector, without elaborating.
Official data showed India had 150.5 GW of renewable capacity installed in November when large hydropower projects were taken into account. This means annual capacity additions of 40-50 GW will be required to meet the government's 500 GW target by 2030.
"On a very conservative capital funding calculation the investment required for achieving the target is approximately 210 billion," said Manohar, adding that both public and private stakeholders need to contribute.
Dalam nota yang diterbitkan bulan lepas, penganalisis IHS Markit menganggarkan India memerlukan lebih daripada 28 bilion pelaburan tahunan untuk mencapai matlamat 2030, berbanding purata perbelanjaan sebanyak 7 bilion dalam tempoh lima tahun lalu.
"Project developers are tapping international capital markets to access low-cost financing, but the government needs to improve regulatory transparency, introduce a uniform green taxonomy, and provide targeted interventions to improve access to low-cost international capital," the note said.
Selain daripada meletakkan wang ke dalam kapasiti penjanaan karbon yang rendah-, penyelidik di Makmal Kebangsaan Lawrence Berkeley di AS berkata pihak berkepentingan India perlu melabur 40 bilion dalam 63 GW storan bateri untuk memastikan kestabilan grid.
Still, they believe renewable expansion will be the cheapest overall option in meeting India's rising electricity demand.
"Dramatic cost reductions over the last decade for wind, solar, and battery storage technologies position India to leapfrog to a more flexible, robust, and sustainable power system for delivering affordable and reliable power to serve demand that will nearly double by 2030," they said in kajian published last December.